Multi-gene phylogeny reveals case lost in the caddisflies
Contrary to a recent molecular phylogeny study, our new study suggested that Annulipalpia (retreat makers) formed the basal lineage of the caddisflies, implying that these aquatic insects were equipped with case-building capability when they split from their terrestrial sibling - Lepidoptera. The placement of "Spicipalpia" to the base of Integripalpia would indicate that some caddisflies (namely Hydrobiosidae and Rhyacophilidae) lost their cases as an adaptation to fast-runni